Yiddishname Tatar Guqulela

I-Yiddish lulwimi lwakudala oluneengcambu Ngekhulu le-10 Lejamani, nangona luthethwe Kumbindi Nasempuma Yurophu ukususela kwixesha eliphakathi. Iyindibaniselwano yeelwimi ezininzi, ikakhulu isijamani, isihebhere, Isiaramiki, Kunye neslavic iilwimi. I-Yiddish ngamanye amaxesha ithathwa njengesiyelelane, kodwa ngokwenene, ulwimi olupheleleyo kunye ne-syntax yayo, i-morphology kunye nesigama. Ukusetyenziswa kolwimi kuye kwancipha ukutyhubela iinkulungwane ngenxa yokufuduka, ukufana, kunye notshintsho kwiimeko zentlalo, kodwa kusathethwa Ngamayuda amaninzi Obuothodoki kwamanye amazwe namhlanje.

Nangona kungekho sikhokelo esisemthethweni se-Yiddish, abo basathetha ngayo bayazi ukuba kubaluleke kangakanani ngeenjongo zolwimi kunye nenkcubeko. Kungenxa yoko le nto kukho abantu kwihlabathi liphela abazinikele ekugcineni ulwimi ngeenkonzo zokuguqulela Zeyiddish. Abaguquleli banceda ukuvala ukwahlula phakathi kwabo baqonda I-Yiddish kunye nabo bangenayo.

Iinkonzo zokuguqulela zaseyiddish zinokunceda ekufumaneni amagama esihebhere aye aba yinxalenye yolwimi Lwaseyiddish, njengamagama avela Ebhayibhileni okanye amabinzana asetyenziselwa amasiko onqulo. Ngoncedo lokuguqulela, la mabinzana angcwele anokufakwa ngokufanelekileyo ekubhaleni okanye ekuthetheni Ngesiyiddish. Kulabo abangazi kakuhle ulwimi, ukukwazi ukufikelela kwiinguqulelo Ze-Yiddish kunokuba luncedo kakhulu.

Iinguqulelo zamaxwebhu Eyiddish ziye zasetyenziswa kwiinkalo ezininzi ukutyhubela imbali, njengokufuduka nokufuduka, unqulo, uncwadi, iilwimi, nembali Yamayuda. Kungenxa yoko le nto kubalulekile ukufumana abaguquleli abafanelekileyo Baseyiddish abaqinisekisiweyo ngesihebhere nangesijamani. Ukongeza kulwimi ngokwalo, ezi ngcali kufuneka zazi inkcubeko, umongo, kunye neemeko zemibhalo eyahlukeneyo ukuze iinguqulelo zazo zithathe ngokuchanekileyo injongo yoqobo.

Iinguqulelo zeyiddish aziboleki nje kuphela uncedo olukhulu kwabo bazama ukufunda ulwimi, kodwa zikwanceda ukugcina ulwimi luphila. Ngokuncedisa ukuthutha amagama Kunye namabinzana kwezinye iilwimi, iinguqulelo zinceda ukuthintela ulwimi ukuba lungapheli ngokupheleleyo. Ngoncedo lwabaguquleli abanezakhono, I-Yiddish igcinwa iphilile kwaye iphilile ngelixa inikezela ifestile kwinkcubeko kunye nezithethe zabantu Bamayuda.

Ngawaphi amazwe athetha Ulwimi Lweyiddish?

I-Yiddish ithethwa ikakhulu kwimimandla Yamayuda Eunited States, Kwasirayeli, Erashiya, Ebelarus, Eukraine, Epoland Nasehungary. Kwakhona kuthethwa ngamanani amancinane Amayuda Efransi, Eargentina, Eostreliya, Emzantsi Afrika, Ecanada nakwamanye amazwe.

Yintoni I-Yiddish language?

I-Yiddish lulwimi oluneengcambu Zalo Kwisijamani Esiphakathi Kwaye kuthethwa kwihlabathi Lonke Ngamayuda Aseashkenazi. Iye yasebenza njengolwimi oluphambili Lwamayuda Ase-Ashkenazi ukususela ekusekweni kwayo kwinkulungwane ye-9, xa uluntu lwamayuda lwachuma kwindawo ngoku ebizwa Ngokuba Yijamani kunye nomntla Wefransi. Ngumxube weelwimi ezininzi kubandakanya isihebhere Nesiaramiki, Kunye Neslavic,Uthando Kunye Neelwimi Eziphakathi zasejamani.
I-Yiddish yaqala ukuthandwa phakathi Kwamayuda Aseyurophu malunga nekhulu le-12, xa yaqala ukusetyenziswa njengolwimi oluthethwayo kunokuba lubhalwe ngokuqhelekileyo. Oku kwakubangelwa yindawo Yamayuda, ayesoloko ehlukaniswa ngokwendawo kwaye ngaloo ndlela aphuhlise iziyelelane ezihlukeneyo ngokuhamba kwexesha. Ebudeni benkulungwane ye-15 neye-16, Iyiddish yasasazeka Kulo Lonke Elaseyurophu, isiba lulwimi lwamayuda Aseyurophu.
I-Yiddish iye yaphenjelelwa kakhulu ziilwimi zasekuhlaleni Apho Amayuda ayehlala khona, ukwenzela ukuba iziyelelane ezahlukeneyo ziye zaphuhliswa Eyurophu, Eafrika Nasemerika. Phezu kwako nje ukwahluka kwangaphakathi, iilwimi zaseyiddish zabelana ngegrama, isivakalisi nesigama esiqhelekileyo, ezinye iziyelelane ziphenjelelwa ngamandla sisihebhere nezinye ngeelwimi ezisandul ' ukudibana.
Ngenkulungwane ye-19, uncwadi Lwesiyiddish lwachuma yaye kwapapashwa iincwadi namaphephancwadi amaninzi ngolwimi. Nangona kunjalo, ukunyuka kwe-anti-Semitism, ukufuduswa kwamayuda amaninzi emva Kwemfazwe YEHLABATHI II, kunye nokwamkelwa kwesingesi njengolwimi oluphambili Eunited States kwakhokelela ekunciphiseni Kweyiddish njengolwimi oluthethwayo. Namhlanje, kusekho izigidi zabantu abathetha Iyiddish ehlabathini lonke, ubukhulu becala Emntla Merika Nakwasirayeli, nangona olu lwimi lungasasetyenziswa ngokubanzi njengangaphambili.

Ngoobani abona bantu ba-5 baphambili abaye banegalelo elikhulu kulwimi Lweyiddish?

1. U-Eliezer Ben-Yehuda (1858-1922): Uben-Yehuda ubizwa ngokuvuselela ulwimi lwesihebhere, awenzayo ngokufaka amagama Amaninzi Aseyiddish kwisihebhere. Kwakhona waba ngowokuqala ukuqulunqa isichazi-magama esibanzi sesihebhere sale mihla waza wabhala amanqaku neencwadi ngolwimi.
2. Usholem Aleichem (1859-1916): U-Aleichem wayengumlobi odumileyo Waseyiddish owabhala ngobomi Bamayuda empuma Yurophu. Imisebenzi yakhe, kuquka Utevye I-Dairyman, yanceda ukwandisa nokusabalalisa I-Yiddish kwihlabathi lonke.
3. Ibanga le-Chaim (1910-1982): Ibanga lalingumlobi Owaziwayo We-Yiddish kunye nembongi. Imisebenzi yakhe, echaza imizabalazo yobomi Bamayuda, ithathwa njengenye yezona ncwadi zibalaseleyo ngolwimi Lweyiddish.
4. Umax Weinreich (1894-1969): ingcali yeelwimi, unjingalwazi kunye nomsunguli kunye nomlawuli WEYIVO Institute For Jewish Research Evilnius, Elithuania, Weinreich wanikezela umsebenzi wakhe wobomi kwisifundo kunye nokukhuthaza Iyiddish.
5. Itzik Manger (1900-1969): Manger wayeyimbongi Yiddish kwaye omnye wababhali abakhulu bekhulu lama-20. Wayenempembelelo enkulu ekuvuseleleni nasekuphuculeni ulwimi.

Uluphi ulwimi Lwe-Yiddish?

Inkqubo Ye-Yiddish iphantse yafana neyesijamani. Inamagama, amabinzana, kunye nezivakalisi ezakhiwe ngokulandelelana kwesihloko-isenzi-into. I-Yiddish ithambekele ekubeni imfutshane kunesijamani, isebenzisa amanqaku ambalwa, izindululo, kunye nezihlanganisi ezingaphantsi. I-Yiddish ayinayo inkqubo efanayo yokudibanisa izenzi njengesijamani, kwaye ezinye izenzi zihluke kulabo basejamani. I-Yiddish inamasuntswana ongezelelweyo kunye nezinye izinto ezingafumanekiyo ngesijamani.

Indlela yokufunda ulwimi Lweyiddish ngendlela echanekileyo?

Indlela efanelekileyo yokufunda I-Yiddish kukuntywila kulwimi. Oku kuthetha ukumamela iincoko Zeyiddish, ukufunda iincwadi Zeyiddish kunye namaphephandaba, kunye nokubukela iimovie Zeyiddish kunye nemiboniso kamabonwakude. Unokuthatha iklasi Ye-Yiddish kwiziko loluntu lendawo, iyunivesithi okanye kwi-intanethi. Qiniseka ukuba uyaziqhelanisa nokuthetha nezithethi zomthonyama ukukunceda ukuba uqhele ukubiza kunye negrama. Okokugqibela, gcina i-Yiddish-English dictionary kunye neetafile zesenzi zikulungele ukukunceda ngayo nayiphi na imibuzo onokuba unayo.

I-Tatar lulwimi oluthethwa ikakhulu Kwiriphabhlikhi Yasetatarstan, eyinxalenye yerussian Federation. Ulwimi Lwesiturkic kwaye lunxulumene nezinye iilwimi Zesiturkic ezinje ngesiturkish, isiuzbek, kunye nesikazakh. Kwakhona kuthethwa kwiindawo Ezithile Zaseazerbaijan, Eukraine Nasekazakhstan. I-Tatar lulwimi olusemthethweni Lwasetatarstan kwaye lusetyenziswa kwezemfundo kunye nolawulo lukarhulumente.

Ngokwanda Kobukhosi baserussia, ulwimi lwesitatar lwenziwa lunyanzelekile ukuba lufunde ezikolweni kwiindawo ezaba yinxalenye Yetatarstan. Oku kwakhokelela ekunciphiseni kokusetyenziswa kwayo kubomi bemihla ngemihla, kodwa ngo-1990, ulwimi lwabona ukuvuselelwa kweentlobo njengoko kwenziwa imizamo yokukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwayo.

Xa kufikwa ekuguquleleni, kukho iindlela ezimbalwa ezikhoyo kwabo bafuna ukuguqulela amaxwebhu kwitatar. Eyona ndlela ixhaphakileyo yokugqiba inguqulelo yesitatar kukuqesha umguquleli oqeqeshiweyo wesitatar. Oku kunenzuzo yokuchaneka, njengoko baya kuqhelana nemiba yolwimi. Abaguquleli abaqeqeshiweyo badla ngokuba nobuchule kwiinkalo ezithile, njengenguqulelo yezomthetho, yezonyango neyezemali, ukuze bakwazi ukuguqulela ngendlela echanileyo.

Olunye ukhetho kukusebenzisa inkqubo yokuguqulela encediswa yikhompyutha. Ezi nkqubo zenzelwe ukunceda izithethi ezingezizo ezomthonyama ziguqulele amaxwebhu ngokukhawuleza nangokuchanekileyo. Basebenzisa i-algorithms ukudibanisa amagama kunye namabinzana ukusuka kolunye ulwimi ukuya kolunye ngaphandle kokungenelela komntu. Nangona kunjalo, ezi nkqubo zisenokungabi zichanekile njengokufumana umguquleli jonga uxwebhu.

Kukho iinkonzo zokuguqulela kwi-intanethi ezinokubonelela ngeenguqulelo ezichanekileyo ukusuka kwisingesi ukuya kwitatar. Ezi nkonzo zihlala zilolona khetho lubiza kakhulu, kodwa azinakuqinisekisa umgangatho ofanayo nomguquleli oqeqeshiweyo. Ukuba ukhangela isisombululo esikhawulezayo nesingabizi kakhulu kwinguqulelo yesitatar, oku kunokuba lukhetho olufanelekileyo. Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukuba uqiniseke ukuba usebenzisa inkonzo ethembekileyo ukuqinisekisa ukuchaneka.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuba yiyiphi indlela oyithatha ngayo inguqulelo yakho yetatar, kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuchaneka ukuphepha iingxaki ezinokubakho kwixesha elizayo. Ukuba nenguqulelo yobungcali ngokubanzi yeyona ndlela ilungileyo yokufezekisa oku, kodwa ukuba iindleko ngumba, iinkonzo zokuguqulela kwi-intanethi okanye iinkqubo ezincediswa ngekhompyuter zinokunceda.

Ngawaphi amazwe athetha ulwimi lwesitatar?

Ulwimi lwesitatar luthethwa kakhulu Erashiya, kunye nezithethi zomthonyama ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezi-6. Ikwathethwa kwamanye amazwe afana Neazerbaijan, Ikazakhstan, Ikyrgyzstan, Iturkey Neturkmenistan.

Yintoni imbali yolwimi lwesitatar?

Ulwimi lwesitatar, ekwabizwa ngokuba Yikazan Tatar, lulwimi Lwaseturkey lweqela Lasekipchak elithethwa ikakhulu Kwiriphabhlikhi Yasetatarstan, ummandla waserussia Federation. Ikwathethwa nakwezinye iindawo Zaserussia, Uzbekistan Nasekazakhstan. Imbali yolwimi lwesitatar ibuyele kwinkulungwane ye-10 xa Ivolga Bulgars yamkela Amasilamsi kwaye yaba Ngamatatar anamhlanje. Ebudeni bexesha Legolden Horde (ngenkulungwane ye-13 ukusa kweye-15), Amatatar ayephantsi kolawulo lwasemongolia yaye ulwimi lwesitatar lwaqalisa ukuphenjelelwa kakhulu ziilwimi zesimongolia nezesipersi. Ukutyhubela iinkulungwane, olu lwimi luye lwenziwa utshintsho olukhulu ngenxa yokunxibelelana kwalo nezinye iziyelelane Zaseturkey, kwakunye namagama abolekiweyo esiarabhu nasepersi. Ngenxa yoko, iye yaba lulwimi olwahlukileyo olwahlukileyo kwizalamane zayo ezisondeleyo kunye neentlobo ngeentlobo zeelwimi zommandla ziye zavela. Incwadi yokuqala eyabhalwa ngolwimi lwesitatar yapapashwa ngowe-1584, eyayinomxholo othi "Divân-i Lügatitut-Türk". Ukususela ngenkulungwane ye-19, ulwimi lwesitatar luye lwaqatshelwa ngokwamanqanaba awahlukahlukeneyo Bubukhosi baserashiya nasemva Kwesoviet Union. Wanikwa isikhundla esisemthethweni Etatarstan ngexesha Lesoviet, kodwa wajamelana nokucinezelwa ngexesha Likastalin. Ngo-1989, ialfabhethi yesitatar yatshintshwa ukusuka Kwisicyrillic ukuya Kwisilatinized kwaye ngo-1998, Iriphabhlikhi Yasetatarstan yabhengeza ulwimi lwesitatar njengolwimi olusemthethweni. Namhlanje, olu lwimi lusathethwa zizithethi ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezisi-8 Erashiya, ubukhulu becala phakathi koluntu lwamatatar.

Ngoobani abantu aba-5 abaphambili abaye banegalelo elikhulu kulwimi lwesitatar?

1. Ugabdulla Tukay (1850-1913): imbongi yesitatar kunye nombhali wemidlalo obhala ngeelwimi zesiuzbek, isirashiya, kunye nesitatar kwaye waba negalelo ekudumiseni ulwimi lwesitatar kunye noncwadi.
2. I-tatar (inkulungwane ye-17): umbhali we-tatar owabhala igrama ebalulekileyo yolwimi lwesitatar kwaye ubizwa ngokuba nokuphuhlisa uhlobo olukhethekileyo lokubhala imibongo.
3. I-Tegähirä Askänavi (1885-1951): umphengululi wesitatar kunye nolwimi oluphando ngolwimi lwesitatar lwalubalulekile kuphuhliso lwayo.
4. Mäxämmädiar Zarnäkäev (ngenkulungwane ye-19): umbhali nembongi yesitatar eyabhala isichazi-magama sokuqala sale mihla sesitatar yaza yanceda ekumiseleni ulwimi lwesitatar.
5. Ildär Faizi (1926-2007): umbhali wetatar kunye nentatheli eyabhala amabali amaninzi kunye neencwadi ngesitatar kwaye yanegalelo elikhulu ekuvuseleleni ulwimi lokubhala lwesitatar.

Ulwakhiwo njani ulwimi lwesitatar?

Isakhiwo solwimi lwesitatar sinobuchule, kunye ne-agglutinative morphology. Inamatyala amane (ukutyunjwa, i-genitive, accusative and locative) kunye namadoda amathathu (ubudoda, ubufazi, kunye ne-neuter). Izenzi zidibanisa ngomntu, inani, kunye nomoya, kunye nezibizo zincipha ngetyala, isini, kunye nenani. Ulwimi lunenkqubo entsonkothileyo yezikhundla kunye namasuntswana anokubonisa izinto ezinje ngomba, ulwalathiso kunye nendlela yokuziphatha.

Indlela yokufunda ulwimi lwesitatar ngendlela echanekileyo?

1. Qiniseka ukuba unokufikelela kwizinto ezisemgangathweni – kukho inani lezixhobo zokufunda ulwimi lwesitatar ezifumaneka kwi-intanethi nakwiivenkile zeencwadi, ke qiniseka ukuba unokufikelela kwezona zinto zilungileyo.
2. Ziqhelanise nealfabhethi-Ekubeni isitatar sibhalwe ngesicyrillic script, qiniseka ukuba uqhelene nealfabhethi ekhethekileyo ngaphambi kokuba ufunde ulwimi.
3. Funda ukubiza kunye noxinzelelo-i-Tatar isebenzisa inkqubo enzima yokutshintsha kwezikhamiso kunye noxinzelelo kwiisilabhasi, ngoko uqhelise ukubiza kwakho kwaye ufunde ukuqonda umahluko phakathi kwezikhamiso ezixinzelelekileyo nezingaxinzelelekanga.
4. Ukuqhelana nemithetho yegrama esisiseko kunye nesakhiwo-ukuqonda kakuhle igrama esisiseko kunye nesakhiwo sesivakalisi kubalulekile xa kuziwa ekufundeni naluphi na ulwimi.
5. Mamela, ubukele kwaye ufunde-Ukumamela, ukubukela nokufunda ngesitatar kuya kukunceda ukuba uqhelane nesandi solwimi, kunye nokukunika ukuziqhelanisa nesigama kunye namabinzana.
6. Yiba neencoko-Ukuncokola rhoqo nomntu othetha isitatar yeyona ndlela ifanelekileyo yokufunda naluphi na ulwimi. Zama ukuthetha kancinci kwaye ngokucacileyo ekuqaleni kwaye ungoyiki ukwenza iimpazamo.